Nietzsche and Christianity

When the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche referred to himself and the Anti-Christ, he was doing more than simply using a metaphor. A slight look at his work reveals that practically his entire philosophical system was oriented against Christianity. Most of his books, but primarily The Twilight of the Idols, The Anti-Christ, The Genealogy of Morals, contain the fiercest attack that any philosopher has ever conducted against Christianity. Nietzsche attacks both Christianity as a religious system, as well as the Christian idea of God. The Christian conception of God –God as God of the Sick, God as spider, God as spirit – is one of the most corrupt conceptions of God arrived at on earth: perhaps it even represents the low-water mark in the descending development of God type. (Nietzsche, 2003, p. 140). And so he goes†¦ That quote is only a minor example of the insults Nietzsche proffers against Christian values. He does not seem to repair in the fact that Christianity has disciplined the human spirit for thousands of years; that civilization, as we know it today, owes a lot to the Judeo-Christian values and believes. But, this is precisely the problem. Nietzsche does not believe that the current status of humanity, the values that sustain it, are commendable values. Since he states over and over that man is something that must be turned into something else, this is, the overman, he also believes that, as a consequence, Christianity has done anything productive for humanity, especially when it comes to encouraging man to exercise his will to power. Nietzsche expresses his preference for Buddhism, which he calls â€Å"the only really positivistic religion history has to show us† (2003 p. 141). However, he fails to explain in what manner would Buddhism attain what Christianity has. There is no doubt that the influence of Christianity could be evidently perceived in every realm of mother society. Political and social institutions, democracy, and in general, the concept of egalitarism, in one way or the other, are a consequence of Christian values. It is one thing to be critical of the defective concepts or practice of a given system, be it political or religious, but it is a very different thing to try to crush that entire system with a rhetorical hammer, as Nietzsche attempts to do. In his desperate discourse against Christianity, his criticism at times becomes irrational. Nietzsche’s preference for Buddhism could be explained by his personality. He highly valued individualism, which is very emphasized by the practice of Buddhism. Nietzsche considered that both Christianity and Islam are religions of the sheep and that by their very nature deny individualism or prevent the individual from reaching his inner potential. Nietzsche’s logic states that these religions turn man into a little more than an ape, who mostly imitates but is unable to act in obedience to his own will. Let’s remind ourselves that insulting, using degrading epithets against the adversary, does not prove anything, except the fact that the one who proffers the insults does so precisely due to a lack of valid arguments. And this is exactly what Nietzsche does when the few valid points he has made against Christianity have exhausted. Let’s pay attention to this. Christianity also stands in opposition to all intellectual well-costitutedness – it   can use only the morbid mind as the Christian mind, it takes the side of everything idiotic, it proclaims a curse against the spirit, against the superbia of the healthy spirit. Because sickness belongs to the essence of Christianity, the typical Christian condition, faith, has to be a form of sickness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2003, p.181) The use of words such as morbid, idiotic, sickness, all this insulting rhetoric, in reference to Christianity, is in the place where arguments were supposed to be.   This name-calling rhetoric must not be taken as the truth. It would be helpful to remember that while Christianity provides man with a sense of certainty, with a general explanation of the origin and current state of things, Nietzsche’s ideas, especially his ideas of the overman with energy and freedom to do as he pleases, provide no satisfying explanation, but on the contrary, a lot of questions. What Nietzsche proposes could only lead to anarchy. Even for a person who does not believe in the divine origin of Christianity, it is obvious that its values have a positive impact in society. Nietzsche directs a substantial degree of his criticism to the main Christian believes. Concepts such as Guilt, Punishment, Bad Conscience, to which he dedicates an entire section of On the Genealogy of Morals (2006), are treated as if they were not only errors, but a conspiracy against what Nietzsche calls the natural human spirit, which according to him has been contaminated by Christianity. However, it is more than evident that it has been precisely the existence of that type of concepts and ideas what has disciplined man. It would not be exaggerated to state that ninety percent of the degree of civility with which humanity conducts itself is owed to Christianity. The German philosopher himself recognizes that if humanity were to distance itself from the idea of God, in general, and from the believe in Christian values in particular, it would lead to nihilism; this is a state of emptiness that will lead many to self-destruction. In this regard, we arrive now to a very troubling question. Let’s assume that, as Nietzsche conjectures, the entire system of believe upon which Christianity founds itself is a total lie; that there is no God at the end of its road, and that every element that composes it is no more than a man-made fiction. Given the fact that those values have been a great positive contribution to humanity, fro what reason are we supposed to abandon all that and embrace Nietzsche message of the death of God and Christianity? Doesn’t Nietzsche himself recognize that his ideas conduct to nihilism and Christianity to a state of certainty? Let’s go as far as assuming that Nietzsche’s conceptions in reference to the inexistence of God are true. Is it really better to hold on to this truth that leads to the self-destruction than to a fiction that leads to self-preservation? This is a very difficult question. We have no idea of where would these super-human values that Nietzsche proposes take us. This is the poetic form of Nietzsche’s explanation: So I sank once Out of my madness of truth, Out of my longing of days, Weary of day, sick from light, -Sank downwards, eveningwards, shadowwards: With on truth Scorched and thirsty: -Do you still remember, do you remember, hot heart, How you then thirsted?- That I am banished From all truth, Only fool, Only poet! Nietzsche’s obsession with truth, as the poem reveals, not only deviates him from truth, but also prevents him from having in mind that the truth is not necessarily a good thing at all times. This, of course, does not sound good. However, in addition to appreciating truth for what it is in itself, as reasoning beings that we are, it is extremely important that we take into consideration tat the practicality of the truth is equally important to truth.   Christian concepts such as prayer, grace, blessing, and many other concepts that according to the German philosopher do not have a clear connection with reality, provide men with a sense of inner spiritual unity, with peace of mind and heart that Nietzsche obviously sees as undesirable, but that, objectively speaking, seem to be extremely beneficial. But in addition to the passion with which Nietzsche criticizes Christianity, he also spends sometime discussing the founder of Christianity himself: Christ. In reference to Christ, however, it most be pointed out that Nietzsche enters into an obvious contradiction. On the one hand, he uses degrading epithets against Jesus Christ, such as idiot, but on the other hand, he claims that Jesus’ way of life has been distorted by his followers, and accuses the Apostle Paul of founding a religion that is contrary to that taught by Jesus. Nietzsche concludes that Jesus contribution was to teach others how is it that each individual must conduct himself as Jesus did during the incidents that led to his death in sacrifice. Jesus’ inaction, the fact that he did not defend himself during the events that surrounded his execution, is an example of how people should live their lives. At times, it seems as if Nietzsche refers to Jesus with certain tenderness. The case could be made, therefore, that Nietzsche tries to save the historical image of Christ while, at the same time, he declares war against all that has been presented and the legacy of Christ, which Nietzsche sustains is no more that an invention of his disciples. – The word Christianity is already a misunderstanding – in reality there has been only one Christian, and he died on the Cross. The Evangel Died in the Cross. What was called Evangel from this moment onwards was already the opposite of what he had lived: bad tidings’, a dysangel†¦ The Christian, that which has been called Christian for two millennia is merely a psychological self-misunderstanding. (2003, p. 163) However, let’s have one thing crystal clear here. Nietzsche’s criticism against actual Christians is obviously unfair if one takes into consideration that the masses of followers of the Messiah honestly try to imitate him, but are indeed surrounded by a social and political scenario that is totally different to the one in which Christ emerged. Not putting resistance to the physical attacks perpetrated against him had a particular purpose, that is, his execution by his enemies. On the other hand, his followers do not pretend, nor are they mandated by the Christian teachings to seek an opportunity to give their lives. In other words, the word, misunderstanding, which Nietzsche insistently uses, could be applied to Nietzsche himself. He is the one who is misunderstanding what Christ was and what Christianity is supposed to be. In his virtually fanatic criticism against Christianity Nietzsche launches a quasi-violent attack against priests. Nietzsche does not seem to recognize that priests have made any positive contribution to humanity. He adopts here a radical perspective and, according to his statements, priests are one virtually the worst type of ruling class that has ever existed. Nietzsche accuses priests of conspiring against what he calls the natural human spirit. In addition, Nietzsche accuses priests of denying men from exercising their free will when it comes to eating from ‘the Tree of Knowledge’. The beginning of the Bible contains the entire psychology of the priest. – The priest knows only one great danger: that is science – the sound conception of cause and effect. But science flourishes in general only under happy circumstances – one must have a superfluity of time and intellect in order to ‘know’†¦ Consequently man must be made unhappy – this has at all times been the logic of the priest. (2003, p. 177) In general, Nietzsche uses a very insulting language when criticizing Christianity. Instead of providing well founded logical thoughts, he decides to adopt a theatrical rhetoric that proves nothing, except the fact that Nietzsche hated Christianity. But, again, let’s bear in mind that hate an insults are not good arguments. It will be enough to take a look into the following quote, in order to verify up to what point is Nietzsche mad against Christianity. Christianity also stands in opposition to all intellectual well-constitutedness – it can use only the morbid mind as the Christian mind, it takes the side of everything idiotic, it proclaims a curse against the ‘spirit’, against the superbia of the healthy spirit. Because sickness belongs to the essence of Christianity, the typical Christian condition, ‘faith’, has to be a form of sickness. (2003, p.181) This insulting rhetoric, the use of words such as morbid, idiotic, sickness, etc., reveals nothing about Christianity, but does reveal a lot about their author. What do they reveal? It is quite evident: that the mind that produced such insults is precisely a morbid, idiotic, and sick mind. Works Cited Nietzsche, Friedrich, On the Genealogy of Morals, New York, Barnes & Noble, 2006 —. Thus Spoke Zarathustra, New York, Barnes & Noble Classics, 20005 —. Twilight of the Idols and The Anti-Christ, London, Penguin books, 2003                                    

Reduction of Demand for Drugs by Incorporation of Elasticity

Prohibited drugs have been one of the major concerns of the federal government for the past decades. Various negative effects of prohibited drugs not only on the user itself but also on the immediate community of the latter have been identified. Due to this, various programs has been launched by the federal government just to regulate and prevent citizens from drug addiction. One of the said government projects to minimize drug addiction would be the intensification of drug treatments aside from the border patrolling etc. The question now would be which of the identified two governments program will be more effective?Since prohibited drugs are addictive, users will continue to buy the said good even if there is a high risk involving its usage, not to mention that it is expensive (Kuehlwein, 2007). In other words, drug users will continue to buy as long as their will be someone who will supply them with those prohibited drugs regardless how much will it cost. Therefore, the intensific ation of drug treatment programs would be more effective as compared to the border patrolling since the former will reduce the addiction of the drug users which will eventually shifts its demand elasticity towards elastic demand.On the other hand, border patrolling will only lower down the supply of prohibited drugs in the market which only further increases its price level due to possible shortage as authorities on borders confiscate more prohibited drugs. At the end of the day, the root of the problem will not be solved by only patrolling on borders since drug users will always find ways on how to get marijuana or cocaine on the streets.This makes the intensification of drug treatment programs more effective since this attacks the root of the problem by minimizing the drug dependency of users which eventually leads to quitting drug usage. At this point, it is already clear that through reducing the demand of drug users to prohibited drugs will solve the said problem of the governm ent more effectively than with the border patrolling. It would be better on the part of the federal government to concentrate more on the drug treatment programs than with border patrolling. AppendixWith the drug treatment program, the elasticity of demand of drug users will shift from being inelastic to being elastic. The good thing with this will be, under the elastic demand; by the time drug users will quit using prohibited drugs, there is a big possibility that they will no longer go back into being drug addicts since they are no longer drug dependent. Whereas, border patrolling will do only no harm on the demand of the drug users and at the same time will only boost the prices of prohibited drugs on the streets as shown by demand curve1.Demand curve 1 is inelastic while demand curve 2 is elastic and the latter is the end effect of the intensification of drug treatment programs. Reference Kuehlwein, M. (2007). Cocaine and the Elasticity of Demand. Retrieved February 21, 2008, fr om http://images. google. com. ph/imgres? imgurl=http://www. unc. edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/GreatIdeas/ART/GI05-12. gif&imgrefurl=http://www. unc. edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/GreatIdeas/02-CoreMicro/GI-05. htm&h=411&w=909&sz=10&hl=tl&start=13&um=1&tbnid=wBaZSi2QPBBJ3M:&tbnh=66&tbnw=147&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinelastic%2Bdemand%26ndsp%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dtl%26sa%3DN

What Your SAT Scores Really Mean In College Admissions

For many high school students, standardized tests are a huge part of the college admissions process. After all, selective colleges often use test scores to help in the initial screening of applications, so it’s only natural that many students get anxious just thinking about them. Here at , we have successfully counseled hundreds of students through the test prep and college application processes, so we’ve heard all the questions and more. Will a bad score mean I can’t get into my top choice college? Does a perfect score outweigh my less-than-stellar grades? What score will guarantee me a place at an Ivy League? There’s no doubt that standardized test scores often play a role in college admissions, but it’s hard to generalize exactly much they matter across the board. In this post, we’ll discuss the various ways in which standardized test scores are weighed during the college admissions process. So, if you’re gearing up for a standardized test or college app season, read on to learn more about how much your SAT or ACT scores actually matter. There are two instances in which SAT and ACT are weighed heavily on college applications. The first is at the very beginning of an application’s review, and the second is at the end. Initially, SAT and ACT scores are sometimes used as screening tools in the college admissions process. That means they are one a few factors that are commonly reviewed before an entire application gets read. Admissions committees have a tough job. They often have to sort through thousands of applications to find the students who will be the best match at their university. Because these admissions officers are real people, and not simply robots without the need for sleep, food, or drink during admissions season, they are simply not able to read each and every application in its entirety. Instead, each application gets an initial review, or what amounts to essentially a skim reading, to determine if it should be looked at in more depth. Often, these initial reviews include a glance at standardized test scores, along with a few other factors like grades and extracurriculars or honors. If your scores in combination with these other factors do not compel the admissions committee to look further, there’s a possibility that your application won’t be completely reviewed. In other words, there are a few pieces of data on your application that have the opportunity to impress at first glance, and test scores are one of them. Perform well enough and you just might earn a spot in the second round of application reviews. Have a dismal showing and fail to compel the admissions committee in other ways and your application may not see the light of another day. The second instance in which your standardized test scores can be very important is when the admissions committee is finalizing their acceptances. Imagine this—the committee has narrowed their choices to 50 applicants, but only has room for half of them. Their job now is to compare the applicants and choose the ones who are most likely to succeed. If your application is identical to the next one, but you outscore him or her by 100 points on your SAT, you will likely become the more desirable candidate. Sometimes, SAT and ACT are not important in college admissions. This is great news for the student who simply doesn’t perform well on tests or who, for whatever reason, hasn’t prepped as well as possible. With our free SAT guide, you'll get ’s top tips for mastering the SAT. Enter your name and email below to download the checklist. SAT and ACT scores become less important when other aspects of your application become more compelling. For example, if you have competed at the national level in athletics or you have patented a new advance in medical technology, the fact that you performed poorly on your verbal SAT will be less important because the remainder of your application is so strong. Another time when standardized test scores don’t matter as much is when you are applying to a specific major or program that is largely unrelated to them. If your calling is musical performance and you have performed on the national stage, successfully competed in high profile band competitions, and taught master classes at a local community college, your SAT or ACT scores aren’t very relevant to your intended course of study. Finally, some colleges simply don’t weigh standardized tests very heavily. For example, Wesleyan, Bowdoin, Bates, and George Washington University don’t require standardized tests at all anymore, and these are just a few of the colleges that now consider these tests optional. To learn more about testing-optional schools, check out our post The Reality of the Testing Optional Trend . Standardized test scores aren’t just useful to college admissions committees. They can be useful to you, the applicant, as well. When you are choosing which colleges you’ll apply to, you can use your SAT or ACT scores to help narrow your choices. The simplest way to do this is by researching the SAT and ACT scores of admitted students at the colleges that interest you most. This data is typically readily available through a simple online query and is also often published by US News and World Report in their annual college review. When you review the scores of admitted students, you will usually see them broken down into percentile ranges. For example, at Notre Dame, the 25th percentile SAT score is 1410, the 50th percentile SAT score is 1490, and the 75th percentile SAT score is 1550. This means that if you score a 1400 on the SAT, you should consider Notre Dame a reach school, because your score falls in the bottom 25% of admitted students. Of course, this doesn’t mean that you won’t get in, but it does mean that your application will have to be more impressive in other ways to make up for it. On the other hand, if you score a 1570, you have a far better chance. While you still aren’t guaranteed an acceptance, you can be assured that you won’t be rejected due to your test scores. To learn more about how SAT scores can shape your college list and where you choose to apply, check out our post The College List, Decoded: Safety, Target, and Reach Schools . For help mastering both the content and strategy needed to boost your SAT score, consider the consider the benefits of ’s full service, customized SAT Tutoring Program , where the brightest and most qualified tutors in the industry guide students to an average score increase of 140 points.

Rainforest deforestation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rainforest deforestation - Research Paper Example Rainforests are home to the most important non-renewable resources on earth, and to take them for granted is unjustifiable. This paper discusses the effects of deforestation on the world’s existing rainforests. This section focuses on the major effects of deforestation, which comprise damage to rainforest biodiversity and soil. The severest problem linked to deforestation is species extinction. Although the rate of extinction has almost certainly accelerated recently, the crisis itself is old. The threat of rainforest species extinction if deforestation carries on was foretold more than two decades ago (Andersen et al. 2002). There are several explanations why species die out due to deforestation. According to Andersen and colleagues (2002), a major fundamental factor is linked to the huge diversity of rainforest species, which implies that each species normally has several individuals and is hence extremely vulnerable to strain and change. Strain arises directly from the destruction of the environment and related destruction of natural environmental functioning when an area of rainforest is cut down or burned. Scrapping of the forest ecological unit, without total extraction, such as selective logging, also produces strain for the species which are dislocated or removed (Park 1992). Damage to the habitat implies a shortening environmental span for each species and heightened competition for resources and survival in the lands left behind for habitation. Remaining species are distressed, as well (Bosetti & Lubowski 2010). A decreasing number of areas fit for habitation imply that the surviving species are left with no choice but to subsist in a smaller territory, confronting increased rivalry from each other and other species. Deforestation impacts the entire ecological unit. Each species performs an important function in sustaining the forest system’s fragile ecological equilibrium, and

ECRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

ECRM - Essay Example The following paragraphs will describe the scope and meaning of the terms consumer demographics and psychographics and then explains how marketing analytics is used to optimize sales campaigns for targeting the customers. Consumer demographics consist of data related to factors like the gender, age groups, marital status, income levels, cultural and social background, regional backgrounds, political or religious affiliations and educational background (Park and Srinivasa, 1994). It is understood that these factors help in shaping the customer’s preferences and likes and also shape his overall attitudes towards products or services as well as the actual consumer behavior. For example, the age group of the customer will determine what lifecycle stage he is in – if the customer is in his 30s then it is likely that he would be starting on his career and would have a household with spouse and kids. This lifestyle stage would involve the customer in purchases related to house maintenance, groceries or health or medical insurance. Similarly, a teenager would prefer to purchase music while a woman with kids would buy baby food. Demographic data therefore provides a great amount of insight into the likely preferences and needs of potential customers. It is therefore essential from the marketing point of view as it provides a basis of forecasting demands by the companies. By collecting accurate demographic data, the organizations can get a clear picture of prospective customers for their own specific products and services (Brewer, 2005). For example, an organization that manufactures ready to make processed foods would select a target demographic profi le for its potential customers as educated married couples with both spouses working and having a substantial income. This profile is chosen because it is expected that people who are married and have kids and are also working, would be hard pressed for time and would therefore prefer processed

International Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - Case Study Example These suggestions and recommendations are further used to chalk out the effective strategies for the accomplishment of organizational goals. Any effective formulation stage always facilitates the ideas and recommendations which are flexible and can be customized as per the emerging challenges and scenarios (Thomas 28). Besides all viable recommendations proposed at this stage need to be pragmatic, realistic and readily implementable. 3. Implementation- In a way this happens to be the most crucial stage of strategy formulation as the eventual litmus test on any effective diagnosis and formulation is that it eventually gets implemented in a methodical and planned manner (Proctor 164). Response- Exchange rates need to be stable and predictable, as reliable and predictable exchange rates have many advantages (Schaefer 46). Stable exchange rates instill confidence in both the importers and exporters regarding the certainty with regards to the foreign payments. Besides unstable exchange rates can wreck havoc on the economies that are predominantly dependent on trade. Unstable exchange can jeopardize the economic growth in such nations. Moreover, stable and predictable exchange rates encourage the international investors to engage in long term investments. In contrast, unstable exchange rates give way to speculative trading in the international capital markets and are more prone to stimulating capital flights from one nation to other. It is a fact that many developing nations do rely on imports to sustain their technology and capital associated requirements. Stable exchange rates enable the developing nations to go on with their development initiatives in a planned an d predictable manner. Stable exchange rates also boost multilateral trade and close trade cooperation between the regional partners. Stable exchange rates are also of pivotal relevance

Proof Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proof - Movie Review Example Proof happens to be really an extraordinary thriller that delves and elaborates on matters of heart and scholarship. The movie in a vivid manner elucidates the true ingenuity of a mathematical proof and the passion and emotion that is intertwined around it (Ross, 2011, p. 57). The hallmark of the movie is that it does succeed in creating a lifelike landscape of a university campus and the action and life inherent in it. The movie delves on its theme in a simple and lucid manner, without requiring the viewer to have any knowledge of mathematics. A Few Good Men tends to be an extraordinary movie that manages to tell a story that is both conventional and compelling, without resorting to any wastage of images or words (Valenti, 2000). The screenplay in the movie happens to be a good one that is directed with care, very much like Proof and the acting in the movie tends to commensurately support the story line. A Few Good Men indeed misses the intellectual weight of Proof, however it more than compensates for this lacking by presenting moving clashes of will marked by terrific buzz cuts. The direction of the movie is masterly that successfully manages to blend the plot and the characters to give way to a movie that really resonates with energy and passion. The crux of the movie lies in the court room drama it presents, which makes it watchable and praiseworthy. A Few Good Men has all the ingredients of a conventional Hollywood blockbuster that are an intelligent story line, loads of entertainment, and the lurking charisma of a p restigious and celebrated star cast. It goes without saying that it is very difficult to forget this movie. If Proof stands out by the dint of its emotive and intellectual capacity, if A Few Good Men comes out as a movie marked by drama, energy and passion, Chicago stands out by the worth of the incessant dazzle it accommodates that turns out to be somewhat depressing at times. The song and dance sequences in the movie rather than turning out to be spectacular actually come out as being callisthenic and too planned. The tone of the movie till the very end stands out to be facetious. Too much of razzle-dazzle in the movie may leave the audience tired and depressed, much contrary to the poignancy and focus surrounding Proof and A Few Good Men. However, each and every musical number in Chicago builds up to such a frantic scale that it may force the audience to clap. Overall the movie lacks the gravity and moral framework inherent in Proof and A Few Good Men. Hamlet is indeed an apt cin ematic version of Shakespeare’s famous play. Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet is indeed compelling and handsome that brings out this tragedy emphatically alive on the screen. Though the movie may not be perfect yet it is deeply engrossing. The plot indeed manages to bring to life the vengeance, passion, blood, gore and sweat that define the original play and thereby Hamlet is indeed unlike all the movies discussed till now. Barnagh successfully manages to enter the heart of the character and thereby portrays a character that is both roving and deep and that successfully manages to hold the audience in thrall. Hamlet unlike the other movies is a movie marked by a tremendous ambition and its budget is indeed commensurately ambitious. The movie is indeed gorgeous to look at and many of the performances in the movie are really remarkable. The Full Monty indeed supersedes Proof and A Few Good Men in terms of the setting creation which is as expected happens to be the Sheffield of t he nineties. The acting and the design departments have indeed done a wonderful job and the movie managed to be a commercial

Literature Review Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature Review - Dissertation Example Policies, for example, imposing tariffs on some goods and products are issues that make many organizations uneasy. To try and correct this issue, there have been several articles that criticize the moves that the WTO is currently employing. This paper will review some of the issues raised by authors and their take on the policies by the WTO. Authors’ criteria Faridul Islam, David McArthur, and Ian Wilson are the authors of â€Å"Globalization and the World Trade Organization: The Challenges Ahead.† This article reiterates what was said earlier by author Martin Khor on the troubles that the WTO faces in today’s trading economy (Islam, McArthur, & Wilson, 2007). Martin Khor is the Executive Director of the South Centre. It is an intergovernmental organization that aids developing countries in research. Previously, he used to be the head of the Third World Network. He criticized some of these policies, claiming that they do not consider developing nations in interna tional trade, and their stake in the global market. Khor implies that the WTO is biased towards the richer countries. This point is supported by the authors of the article on globalization. What people do not seem to realize is that there are poor countries that need to participate in trade. This is in order for them to help their economies grow and develop. The economies in third world countries keep going down the drain, and the people suffer due to the policies put in place by the WTO (Islam, McArthur, & Wilson, 2007). The difficulty with such strategies is that the vast population of people in the developing nations has nobody to look out for their interests. In the interests of the population in the developing nations, the policies that exist are out to serve the people of more developed countries. Their products reach a vast area of other continents, and they also get products from other areas. However, they do this at a much cheaper rate than the manufacturer used to manufact ure their products (Davey & Jackson, 2008). This is what has many organizations up in arms trying to figure out a way through these policies, and help the different economies in the member countries of this organization. Levels of analysis What the authors of the article claim is the point that developing countries lack the capacity to follow negotiations by the WTO. This presents a problem to these countries. In order to comprehend what goes on, they need to be an intricate part of the international community. This is when it comes to trade and the problems associated with trading internationally. Having high import duties on countries that can barely afford to export their products is not fair. This is as the authors suggest in the article and bring Martin Khor’s point to light. In order for there to be a fair chance for all countries to trade freely, the stipulations should be changed to suit the current situation (Khor, 2007). It is vital that everyone has the potential t o understand what impact such policies have on them and their economy. Trade cannot be trade if only one country or a selected few are involved in it. There has to be the fair exchange of commodities, products, goods, and services so as to call it trading. The creation of barriers in trade should not be out to benefit one country, while leaving some out in the cold (Krueger & Aturupane, 2000). International trade enables the coming together of people of different ethnic, cultural, and

Life of a nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Life of a nurse - Essay Example No matter what patients are going through, theyre always there to thank you. These are the basic reasons that motivate me to be and continue to grow in this profession. In this paper I would like to put my hectic experience as a nurse and how the team work helped me. It’s a typical Monday night and our census is high. We have twenty four beds, all of which were occupied and four of them were sent to the pediatric ward. Of the total twenty eight patients, twelve were postoperative surgeries cases which include complex spines, total hips and knees surgeries and couple of ORIF’s demanding special care. Each registered nurse in our team has five patients. In addition, due to overcrowding the charge nurse also have three patients. I was in charge of two fresh postoperative patients, one who is a 45 year old male who had the ORIF of right ankle and another a 77 year old female who is a status post posterior lumbar interbody fusion who was shifted to one of the pediatric unit room. The other patients that I was in-charge included a second day status post simple spine surgeries, and a 55 year old male with a diagnosis of ETOH abuse. Once I finished the inter-shift report, I realized that it is going to be a busy night. I normally start my shift by looking at the central oxinet monitor in the nurse’s station to reassure myself that my fresh postoperative patients are hooked up to the oxinet. Surprisingly, I noticed that my patient who is located in the pediatric unit is not on the central oxinet monitor, and I immediately went to the room to assess the patient. As a finish my assessment, I went back to supply room to look for an oxinet machine but unfortunately, there is no available oxinet machine at this time. The unit secretary contacted the central supply unit requesting for the machine but they informed that they have only the portable oxinet available. The problem with the portable oxinet is that it cannot be centrally

MacDonaldisaation Thesis (Education paper) analysis of journal article Essay

MacDonaldisaation Thesis (Education paper) analysis of journal article by Dale (1994) UK EDUCATION SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED - Essay Example The 'Mac' chain of restaurants is famous for standardising everything related to the production or selling of their goods. Dale (1994) also argues how Ritzer has started a crusade against the 'fast-food' giant 'Mac' and how they have ensured the disintegration of the family. He quotes Ritzer in saying that the habitual use of 'McDonaldized' systems is destructive to our physical and physiological well-being as well as to the society as a whole. We have to agree to the fact that we are in a world where brand names become common names. If we were to ask what is common between 'Zipper', 'Xerox', 'Kerosene', then the answer is they are all 'Trade names' that has become common names. In the same vein, the processes adopted by 'McDonaldization' have come to stay with us as 'McDonaldization'. In fact, 'McDonaldization' is much older than we thought (see McDonaldization 2008). In fact it is much older than the principles adopted by Ray Croc, founder of McDonalds (for more information see McDonaldization 2008). If that was the case, then why talk of only 'McDonaldization' It is possible that everybody could afford a 'Big Mac', but not a Ford automobile! The logic of operating 'Mac' although looks very simple and organised and certain things have to be borne in mind. First, 'Mac' makes a limited set of dishes that are similar in taste, packaging and quality; secondly people like it and hence its popularity and finally the volume of 'Mac' food eaten by people is a very small compared to their normal food. In this age of globalisation and free trade it is inevitable that all products cannot be handmade and delivered specially. Mass production is inevitable; also because the consumption, sometimes, far exceeds the production. The only way to ensure that any product lives up to the manufactures reputation is that they are trouble free. To make it trouble free, certain manufacturing norms have to be introduced that are uniform and streamlined. The flipside to this argument is that 'Mac' generates trash because of 'McDonaldization' procuring food that has ethical issues. So it is under these 'parameters' we are forced to live and act, whe ther we like it or not. Ritzer opines that there are four reasons behind 'McDonaldization' namely efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. For details on this please refer to 'McDonaldization, (2008). Here again the flipside of the argument is that we have to take into consideration the following: 1) irrationality; 2) deskilling and 3) consumer workers (for more information see McDonaldization 2008) Dale, 'McDonaldization' and education 'Commoditization' of education is the byword in today's academic circles (Dale 1998; Daniel 2002). Dale (1998) argues about 'McDonaldization' of higher education in today's scenario. In today's education system, other than the traditional way of teaching, a lot of institutions are offering franchising options. This is akin to 'McDonaldization', but in the educational system. Daniel (2002) calls it the 'commoditization' of education. The advantages in this method are large. It brings education to all by implementing a uniform curriculum for everybody and it is gaining popularity in most of the Open Universities of the world and is also gaining acceptance in most of the developing countries. In this

The Crash of American Airlines Essay Example for Free

The Crash of American Airlines Essay A good example involving with human error is the crash of the American Airlines flight 587. On 12 November 2001, at approximately 9:17 a. m. ocal time, American Airlines flight 587 crashed into the Belle Harbor area of Queens, New York, several minutes after taking off from JFK International Airport. The plane was on a scheduled flight to Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. All nine crew members and 251 passengers on the aircraft were killed, including five infants. Five people on the ground were also killed. Let examine the summary of events that the NTSB determined led to the crash in order to identify the probable causes. â€Å"The A300-600, took off just minutes after the Japan Airlines Boeing 747 on the same runway, flew into the larger jets wake, an area of very turbulent air. The first officer attempted to keep the plane upright with aggressive rudder inputs. The strength of the air flowing against the moving rudder stressed the aircrafts vertical stabilizer and eventually snapped it off entirely, causing the aircraft to lose control and crash. The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the enormous stress on the rudder was due to the first officers unnecessary and excessive rudder inputs, and not the wake caused by the earlier Japan Airlines 747 that had crossed that area. Airbus charges that the crash was mostly Americans fault, because the airline did not train its pilots properly about the characteristics of the rudder. Aircraft tail fins are designed to withstand full rudder deflection in one direction at maneuvering speed. They are not usually designed to withstand an abrupt shift in rudder from one direction to the other. Most American pilots believed that the tail fin could withstand any rudder movement at maneuvering speed. The NTSB indicated that American Airlines Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Program tended to exaggerate the effects of wake turbulence on large aircraft. Therefore, pilots were being trained to react more aggressively than was necessary. † (Mysterious Crash) Since the investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board, American Airlines has modified its pilot training program. Training methods have been reviewed and changed as a result of the accident. Despite rapid gains in technology, humans are ultimately responsible for ensuring the success and safety of the aviation industry. They must continue to be knowledgeable, flexible, dedicated, and efficient while exercising good judgment.

Translation Project Essay Example for Free

Translation Project Essay Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet in their book Stylistique Comparee du Francaiset de l Anglais (1958) which is a comparative stylistic analysis of the different translation strategies and procedures used in French and English view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text. With regard to equivalent expressions between  language pairs, Vinay and Darbelnet claim that they are acceptable as long as they are listed in a bilingual dictionary as full equivalents. They talk about ‘direct’ and ‘oblique’ translation where ‘direct’ refers to literal translation and ‘oblique’ refers to free translation. Furthermore, they have proposed seven procedures, the first three covered by direct translation and the remaining four by oblique translation. Direct translation includes the processes of: 1. Borrowing 2. Calque 3. Literal translation Oblique translation includes the processes of: 1. Transposition 2. Modulation. 3. Equivalence 4. Adaptation The discussion to follow will be focusing on the explanation of these seven processes with reference to the novel by Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice ( Source text) and its Urdu translation by Professor Shahid Hameed as â€Å"Takkabur or Ta’asub† (Target text). 1. Direct Translation 1. 1. Borrowing Jeremy Munday in his book Introducing Translation Studies says that in borrowing â€Å"the SL word is transferred directly to the TL†. It is the idea of taking the word from the source language and maintaining it in the target language. It is considered the simplest of  the procedures and tends to be employed in two situations: either when discussing a new technical process for which no term exists within the target language, or when maintaining a word from the source language for stylistic effect, in which the translator uses the foreign term to add flavor to the target text. The advantage of borrowing strategy is that it brings an original connotation to the word in TL. 1. 2. Calque A calque is when an expression from the source text (ST) is transferred literally into the TT. Calques either follow the syntax of the TL while translating each word literally or ignore the  syntax of the TL and maintain the syntax of the SL, rendering the calque in an awkward syntactical structure in the TT. It has the same influence on the enhancement of cultural integration. However, sometimes this translation strategy will cause difficulties in conveying messages in the TL. 1. 3. Literal translation This is word for word translation. Vinay and Darbelnet describe it as being the most common between the languages of the same family and culture. The idea of translating word for word in a way that does not alter the meaning is considered an acceptable use of literal translation by the two scholars. Vinay and Darbelnet say that literal method is ‘unacceptable’ in these occasions: 1. 3. 1. It gives another meaning 1. 3. 2. It has no meaning 1. 3. 3. It is structurally impossible 2. Oblique Translation 2. 1. Transposition Vinay and Darbelnet referred to transposition as changing word class without changing meaning. This refers to when translators change the word type, such as from nouns to verbs. They considered transposition to be either obligatory or optional, and referred to the ST as the base expression and the TT as the transposed expression. According to Newmark transposition consists of four types of grammatical changes. The first type concerns words form and position, the second type of transposition is usually used when the TL does not have the equal grammatical structure of the SL. Newmark defines the third type as â€Å"the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with the natural usage in the TL. † Transposition, here, offers translators a plenty of possible versions. Concerning the fourth type, it occurs when the translator uses a grammatical structure as a way to replace a lexical gap. 2. 2. Modulation The fifth of Vinay and Darbelnets procedures is modulation. Modulation is defined as â€Å"a change in point of view that allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different way. † In other words Modulation refers to rendering the TT from a different point of view to that of the ST. Vinay and Darbelnet consider this procedure to be necessary when the results of the former procedures would produce an awkward- sounding translation, despite it being grammatically, syntactically, and lexically correct. Modulation is a way for the translator to find a degree of naturalness in their TT without sacrificing any meaning or accuracy originating from the ST. The  application of this skill demands very much the translator’s capacity to mastering bilingual languages. 2. 3. Equivalence: It refers to a strategy to describe the same situation by ‘using completely different stylistic or structural methods’ for producing ‘equivalent texts’. Equivalence is not only useful but also necessary in translating idioms and proverbs. 2. 4. Adaptation: It refers to a method ‘used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture’. Rather than operations on linguistic level, this strategy focus on phenomena or practices that are absent in the target  culture.

Relationship Between Documentary And Reality Film Studies Essay

Relationship Between Documentary And Reality Film Studies Essay By exploring the relationship between documentary and reality define the genre. (Please note the term reality here does not mean the genre reality television). Documentary has become so scattered and diverse that it is hard to define the genre, Documentary film has often been looked at as that which communicates the real not the imagined, (Pearce McLaughlin 2007, p.47) it tells stories, makes claims or remarks about the real historical world rather than the contrived areas of fiction. The documentary filmmaker gathers, structures and edits the material in a manner that changes it from a simple record of actuality into a form which we can refer to as documentary dialogue. Therefore it is seen as an engaging sort of cinema but its customary techniques to enhance its aim or purpose has led to issues surrounding verisimilitude. I intend to analyse further the relationship between documentary and reality exploring the conventions and modes used to define the genre. Automatically when we view documentaries we feel closer to the truth for two reasons: first that there is a lack of fictionalised features and second because the events shown have not been coordinated by the filmmaker. But this is a naÃÆ' ¯ve approach we have to be aware that the account offered is one that is seen from a particular perspective. A documentary film is one that offers information about factual topics with a variety of aims, to record important events and ideas; to inform viewers; to convey opinions. To achieve these aims a number of common conventions are used including: actuality (occurrences in front of the lens be it events, people or places), voice-over (the filmmaker offering information, explanations and opinions), interviews (witnesses or participants directly relate their experiences), archival footage (show historical events or to add detail without additional filming), reconstructions (false scenes that provide the viewer with factual information and give a sense of realism), montage (visual representation of characters thoughts helping the viewer understand what the character is saying) and the exposition (creates the viewers first impression and introduces the content) these all create a sense of presence. The overall impact of these devices is to heighten the effect of realism for the viewer; making declarations about the real world and offering filmed evidence to support it. In order to explain documentary further Bill Nichols identified six documentary modes That function something like sub-genres of the documentary film genre itself: poetic, expository, participatory, observational, reflexive, performative. (Nichols, 2001, p.99) I will briefly consider these modes each in turn. The poetic mode is a skewed and creative expression; its desire is to grasp the hidden truth through poetic manipulation as seen in Walter Ruttmanns (1927) film Berlin: Symphony of a Great City which presents an extended montage chronicling the daily life of this German city. In the scenes such as the policeman guiding traffic followed by two rows of matching bobble head toys nodding suggests a tone of conformism and ashamed loyalty of the citizens. Expository documentaries on the other hand use rhetorical methods to create realism, this mode has a straight narrative structure with a direct relationship between the images and voice-over where interviews are only used to support the films argument An Inconvenient Truth is an example of expository documentary as it trusts on verbal commentary and challenging judgment to make its case about global warming. This frankness is similar to the observational mode known as Direct Cinema. Here it appears documentary is impassive, having an impa rtial attitude on its subject which can be seen in Richard Pennebackers Dont Look Back (1967). The participatory mode is where the filmmaker does not stay aloof but rather engages with it. Micheal Moores film Roger and Me (1989) displays this trait with a frankly moralistic documentary. The reflexive mode comments on the means of representation itself; it uses techniques that query the notion of documentary as a category or mode. For instance Errol Morris The Thin Blue Line (1988) an account of the breakdown of justice, urges the viewer to think about comparative points of truth and deceit by using reconstruction and repetition of scenes. Finally there is the performative mode which introduces concerns around the filmmaker and subject performance stressing the emotive and shared impact on the audience. In turn each mode uses the means of the narrative and realism in different ways, using conventional elements to create a range of text with ethnical matters, textual structures and ty pical expectations among the viewers. In the documentary genre, it is observed that reality is seemingly evident, wholesome without any manipulation; compared to fiction film however the margins between reality and fiction are indefinite Documentarys selection and ordering of the images and sounds of reality constitute an account of the world; however, it thereby becomes prey to loss of the real in its narratives of reality. (Cowie, 2011, p.1) It is the degree that these events are affected or directed by the filmmaker that causes concern for documentary. In Nanook of the North (1992) Robert Flaherty engrossed himself in the lives of the Inuit people, devoting a year living with them. This implies a participant observation attitude, where the filmmaker notes modestly and forms as impartial a record as possible. However for the purpose of dramatization Flaherty manipulated events, all of Nanook of the North is said to be one gigantic re-enactment (Nichols, 2001, p.13) for instance he filmed Nanook hunting with customary harpoon rather than the more modern weapons that he actually used. Such devices are actually central and perhaps inevitable practices in documentary production but the use of reconstruction has remained controversial raising issues on ethics as to whether a documentary filmmaker should engineer things in order to realising the truth of the subject matter. Documentary footage can only have a claim on the real if it is somehow taken unawares but this is untrue, all documentaries treat their material artistically. The experts in direct cinema alleged that the occurrence of the camera and filmmakers did not impact on their subject matter. Grey Gardens (1975) by the Maysles Brothers is a very famous fly-on-the-wall documentary about Edith Beale and Edie Beale, Jackie Kennedys aunt and cousin; it is a far cry from observational documentary. As the filmmakers constantly relate with these obviously psychologically troubled women which rears important questions about the morals of documentary filmmaking. Sometimes while filming they just want to clarify information, such as a photograph but frequently their contact is more difficult Because the womens hold on reality is so tenuous the Maysles walk a fine line in the film between examination and exploitation, foregrounding an issue that is always inevitably present in direct cinema (Grant Hillier 2009, p.74) Grey Gardens is a film that employs notions of performance and self-representation where both filmmakers and subjects are delighting in their individual presentations. There are different points to which the subjects of a documentary may be seen to be performing for the cameras A person does not present in exactly the same way to a companion on a dateand a filmmaker in an interviewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they modify their behaviour as the situation evolves. (Nichols 2001, p.9) The participation in shared roles has remained vital to the documentary project. Similarly there have been degrees of self-consciousness or acknowledgment by the filmmakers of the role they are performing in the production of a documentary. The fact that documentaries will always be about the real world, real people and real issues, the idea of enactment with them is hypothetically profound and spontaneous as it appears opposed to concepts of truthfulness and undistorted reality. However in Nick Broomfields films Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer (1992) and Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer (2003) we are time and again drawn to his role as the filmmaker and moderator. At the end of the day his films are much more about him and the process of filming as they are about Aileen this offers a sense of truth, as behind the story is an condemnation of the media and the legal system of America. Consequently Broomfields films focus the role of the documentarist and the wa ys in which the filmmakers contact with the reality they are capturing influences the subsequent film. Documentary has always had an awe inspiring outcome on its audience the relationship between documentary and reality is debateable as most documentaries do integrate particular fictional elements to elevate the visual effect and entertainment value of their film. Though they claim to present the world as it is and try to hold the attention of their audiences by the strength of their argument, documentaries can never accomplish the level of impartiality to which they from time to time desire it can tell the truth but not the entire truth. (Chapman 1988, p.23) Therefore by analysing some of the conceptual and practical issues involved in defining the genre along with its relationship with reality across a variety of documentary modes the genre of documentary will always cause debate regarding its definition. Therefore all we can expect is that it will be a fair and honest representation of someone elses experience of reality.

The Golden Ratio Essay -- Mathematics Numbers Phi Essays

The Golden Ratio Certain pictures, objects, and animals appeal to the human mind more than others. Proportions and images of symmetry often contribute to our fascination with them. Often, when examined carefully, you may find a common â€Å"coincidence† between man made objects and those found naturally in nature. This fluke, however, may be used to ascertain various mathematical relationships between these objects. This paper will introduce the golden ratio and weigh its significance on math, art, and nature. 1.6180339887†¦. has been given many names varying from the â€Å"golden ratio† first coined by the Greeks, to the â€Å"golden rectangle† and â€Å"golden section†, â€Å"phi† named after Phidias a renowned Greek sculptor, as well as the â€Å"divine proportion† conceived by Leonardo da Vinci. (Blacker, The Golden Ratio) Simply put, the golden ratio is the length to width of rectangles used in art and nature. This ratio is considered to be the most agreeable arrangement, mathematically and artistically, to the eye. Perhaps the first to use the golden ratio were the Egyptians. Many (if not all) of the pyramids were made with the golden ratio kept solely in mind†¦ as if they were made only using the ratio. Later, the Greeks began using it in their architecture as well as their sculptures. Phidias and others popularized the golden ratio by basing their achievements on it. The Parthenon, specifically, as well as several other buildings and sculptures were the subject of which the ratio has left its mark. The Greeks and the Egyptians were by far not the only people to have been affected by the number. Famous painters and mathematicians have also recognized the ratio’s significance. Perhaps the most famous and blatant use of the gol... ...rt. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 1994. Blacker, Steve and Jeanette Polanski and Marc Schwach. â€Å"Golden Ratio: Fibonacci in Nature.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.geom.umn.edu/~demo5337/s97b/spiral.html Blacker, Steve and Jeanette Polanski and Marc Schwach. â€Å"Golden Ratio.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.geom.umn.edu/~demo5337/s97b/art.htm Brown, Kevin. â€Å"Math Pages: The Golden Pentagon.† Dec. 11, 1999. http://www.seanet.com/~ksbrown/kmath153.htm â€Å"Fibonacci & The Golden Ratio.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.aegsp.br/hs/fib/ Knott, Dr. Ron. â€Å"Fibonacci Numbers and Nature.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html#Rabbits Snyder, Brian Joseph. â€Å"The Golden Mean – The Golden Section.† Dec. 7, 1999. http://www.netreach.net/people/waterboy/phiratio/ Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Prentice Hall, 1999.

jack landon :: essays research papers fc

The idea of peaceful rebellion through nature is the basis for many books. Kipling was one of the first one to do it through many of his novels, but Jack London got a lot deeper into that concept. He was born in 1876 in San Francisco, an illegitimate child born to a single woman, but his mother did marry a man named John London, and named her son John London. This family moved a lot, but ended up in San Francisco again where John London, now known as Jack London worked in the bay patrol. Jack was one of the first ones to go to Alaska in the time of gold rush, he did not get rich with gold, but he recorded the Alaskan life and put it in his books. The series of books about Alaskan life are some of his most known works, such as "The Son of the Wolf" and White Fang, in which Jack London portrays the similar themes of the hard life in Alaska, the learning experience of men and animals, and the lifelong fight for survival. Oh what a hard life it was in Alaska. But why would anyone go there if it was so hard, one might ask. (Glass, 529) Well it was the gold rush of eighteen ninety eight, many looked north for a way to get rich easy, some looked for adventures, but there were not many of those. Jack London portrays the hard lives of the adventurers who went to the Klondike River valley for gold, but got a lot more than they burgeoned for. In one of the stories, from a collection called "The Son of the Wolf", Jack London described a mad hunt for gold. A person enters the yet innocent soil, near a stream, and as soon as he does, starts digging hungrily for gold. He finds some, but not even enough to keep, so he throws it away. He works without food for many hours, so engulfed by his task, that he doesn't even see that it's dark. This continues for several days, until he finds a lot of gold, by then the valley looks line a minefield. While digging he is shot in the back by a thief, but so overtaken by greed, he manages to beat his assassin down and kill him. And what's ironic, he wouldn't even touch a deer, but as his treasure is threatened to be taken away from him, he kills a person.

The impact of Ig G levels on routine clinical biochemistry parameters i

Summary: The minimisation of neonatal mortality is critical for the success of an animal management programme. The period between calving and weaning is the most crucial period in the animal's life. A major management tool that could be used to reduce health problems in calves is feeding with colostrum. Colostrum is rich in energy, protein and vitamins (especially vitamins A, D, E and B12). Most importantly, colostrum is essential for newborns, in that it contains high levels of immunoglobulins, which transfer passive immunity to the calf, and thereby, enable it to fight with infections. The aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between serum Ig G levels and routine biochemical parameters in neonatal Holstein calves given colostrum. For this purpose, serum was extracted from blood samples collected from 79 calves within 24-48 hours of calving. The passive transfer status of the calves was determined by measuring the Ig G content of serum by ELISA. Based on their serum Ig G levels, the calves were divided into 3 groups (insufficient n=13; partial n=14; and normal passive transfer n=52). Serum ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, LDH activities and serum BUN, creatinine, albumin, total protein, total bilirubin, triglyceride, cholesterol, and glucose levels were analysed. A statistically significant increase was determined in the serum GGT activity and total protein and urea levels of calves with normal passive immunity transfer by colostrum, compared to the other passive transfer groups (p0.05). Key words: Colostrum, Passive Transfer, Calf, Clinical Biochemistry Introduction The minimisation of neonat... ...Passive transfer of colostral immunglobulins in calves. J Vet Intern Med 14: 569-577 10. Willard MD, Tvedten H (2004): Small animal clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods. Saunders, MO, USA. 11. Wilson LK, Tyler JW, Besser TE, Parish SM, Gant R (1999): Prediction of Serum IgG1 concentration in beef calves based on age and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity. J Vet Intern Med 13:123-125 12. Zanker IA, Hammon MH, Blum WJ (2001): Activities of ÃŽ ³-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate-aminotransferase in colostrum, milk and blood plasma of calves fed first colostrum at 0–2, 6–7,12–13 and 24–25h after birth. J Vet Med 48: 179-185 13. Zarilli A, Micera E, Lacarpia N, Lombardi P, Pero ME, Pelagalli A, Angelo D, Mattia M, Avallone L (2003): Evaluation of goat colostrum quality by determining enzyme activity levels. Livest Prod Sci 83: 317-320

Rock and Roll: How it Relate to Jazz, Current Hip-hop, Rap, Latin Music, Blues, etc

The origin of rock and roll comes from many roots that date back in the nineteenth century. African-American slaves brought by the early American Celtics during the 17th and 18th century in America brought along with them their native African music which was later influenced by the music of their masters. With the passing of decades, gospel music, blues and country music began to evolve from the mixture of African and American music and later were adapted to become the musical genre of the African-Americans.Before the onset of the Second World War, gospel music transformed into rhythm and blues and eventually into Jazz. The war broke up the popularity of Jazz and so in 1942 and 1943, Jazz bands migrated from south to the north to stage their performance and resurrect the popularity of jazz. Unfortunately, Jazz has never regained its reputation because of the lack of support by recording companies. The groups of African-American Jazz Bands staged a massive strike against these recordi ng companies and ask for support for the already dwindling music industry of Jazz. But conditions were not met.In the long run the recording companies without any other alternative music in place of jazz tried to experiment with solo performers, vocal backings and small groups of singers. Since gospel songs were still sung by black’s religious group, the word â€Å"rock† has been in constant use with most of the songs they created. Examples of these songs are the Rock My Soul, Rock Me Lord, Rock Daniel and so on. Although the word rock has occasionally been misconstrued during the 1920s describing it as a connotation for sex in slang word, it was in 1947 when Roy Brown changed that meaning.Brown did a blues called Good Rockin’ Tonight and then it was followed by Wynonie Harries’ song that was derived from Brown’s blues. The word rock became fad among the rhythm and blues (r&b) songs and recordings. From there on, musicians have begun to experiment on vocals and guitar away from jazz By the late 1940s, groups like the Orioles were already performing rock music with the style of African-American dance music of boogie-woogie. Louis Jordan who was known then to be the most popular r&b performer had embarked on playing rock music and made 18 records that remained bestseller for years.His dance music of lively dance called â€Å"jump blues† or â€Å"jumpin’ jive† had inspired the spirit of early rock’n’roll. Jimmy Preston, Bill Haley and Chuck Berry were only few of the early rock and rollers who were also inspired by the music of Jordan. But prior to the introduction of rock and roll into the music industry, this musical genre have already been created by other bands unknown in the industry. The Muddy Waters in 1943 made their own style of combining amplified vocals, guitar, drums, harmonica and piano to create music much the same as rock and roll.The music was only to become a hit when Jordan ma de his music backed-up by recording companies. Although it seems now that rock and roll was also introduced by the revolutionary evolution of African-American music, its arrival also influenced county and Western music. The Western music absorbed the tempo of rock and roll particularly the boogie-woogie dance and style of songs. It was understood that the first rock’n’roll recording was Rocket 88 by Ike Turner and His Rhythm Kings in Memphis under Sam Phillips studio. Phillips is soon to discover Elvis Presley, B.B. King, Jerry Lewis, Roy Orbison and Johnny Cash in the world of rock and roll. There are also other claims on the origin of rock and roll. Chuck Berry who was once a blues singer claimed that he was writing a country song when he â€Å"accidentally invented rock’n’roll† by playing lively tunes while Little Richard who had his first rock and roll record for Tutti Frutti said he was the architect and the â€Å"real king† of rock and roll (Thorogood, 2004). Observing the evolution of rock and roll to the rock music of today in its 50 years of development was unexpected.The late 1940s have popularized the doo-woop and boogie woogie as the progression of rock and roll in its early stage. During the 1950s, however, music of different genre with mixture of early rock and roll, country, blues and jazz has made the world of music livelier. This became the era for Presley, Haley, Holly and Little Richard. In the 1960s, America has begun to merge their music with the British. The Beatles has arrived and invaded not only America but also the world with their most popular rock band.Later, they overtook what Elvis and the other great rock and roll performers have ruled in the past decade. The Beatles have triggered a new age of rock and more astonishing genre of rock was about to come in the following decades. This will explain the relation of the early rock and roll to the music we have today. After years of Beatlemania we have created more colorful, livelier and intriguing bands in the world of rock. Pink Floyd, The Who, The Rolling Stones, Grateful Dead and Jimi Hendrix were only few of those who also conquered the world with their own style of rock.Folk rock was one of the metamorphoses of rock and roll that has the traditional acoustic rock and blues undertone. Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin were few of the most popular musicians who are best in this genre. Heavy metal rock also emanates from the early rock and roll and it is emphasized with the use of a thick, heavy and highly amplified electric musical instruments to produce not only rhythm but with the accent of the real â€Å"rocking of instruments†. The Black Sabbath popularized heavy metal in our modern society. The 70s became a war of the heavy metal bands.Led Zeppelin who was already known in the 60s became more popular as the dawning of heavy metal music continued. They created a perfect blend of hard rock and blues to create their original music. Other rock bands are mellower, however, with the emergence of bands like David Bowie, the Eagles, Queen and Yes. These bands does not follow the genre of hard rock but leveled more on soft rock, pop, soul and country music with the influence of rock. Before the closing of the 70s, a new wave of music that cast the shadow of rock and roll came into the scene.The â€Å"punk rock† was a combination of anarchism and teenage rage with the musical bases of rock and roll. Originally introduced by The Ramones, other bands followed their style with the arrival of The Sex Pistols and The Clash. The coming of punk music influenced the new generation of music in the following years. As the 1980s became most popular with the reintroduction of different bands of different style, heavy metal bands dominate the music industry during this decade. Heavy metal rock bands are most notorious with their tight leather pants, electrifying guitar solos and colorful hair.Guns and Roses , Van Halen, AC/DC, Aerosmith, Motley Cue and Bon Jovi are good examples of these bands. These bands occupy the music airwave with their powerful ballads and guitar solos. Then during the mid 80s, another wave of music genre was suddenly introduced by the generation of young but jolly musicians. From punk into funk, the disco music has arrived. In the last years of the decade, alternative rock or better known as Indie music emerged. This is where the bands of U2, The Cure and Sonic Youth became most popular.As the 1990s came, new bands of rock alternative musicians came packing a different form of music. It was known as â€Å"grunge music† and the most popular band in this genre was the Nirvana. Grunge music is emphasized by the playing of dirty guitar and strong guitar riffs that is distorted to produce feedback with other instruments. It originates from Seattle, Washington and expresses dark lyrics and torments which the generation adored. Peal Jam, Alice in Chains and Jane ’s Addiction specialize in this type of music.The coming of year 2000 up to the present became a mixture of genre of music that was broadest in its form. The passing of generations, however, have seen the transformation of music to the very simple gospel music to the lively rock and roll and to more daring musical adaptations of different musical genre. At present, Emo music is most popular among the young generations of today. It is an alternative rock sub genre that contains intense emotional lyrics mixed with the root of hardcore punk.Bands like Taking Back Sunday, Senses Fail, From First to Last, Brand New and mellower bands like the Dashboard Confessional, and Bright Eyes are only few of the Indie bands that scattered their influence in our music industry (MeGsTeRl3, 2007). Technology has played a major role in the development of rock when Adolph Rickenbacker invented the electric guitar in 1931. Transistor technology was also improved as well as the microphones to captu re the distinction of voice.Guitars became louder and vocals with the shuffle beat of blues drumming revolutionize the making of drum kit assembly best fit for the tones. Country, folk and all-American music originates from diversified forms of music but they all fall under the influence of rock music. The decades of influence by different artists have saturated the consciousness of the public that focused on rock music. Developing it into an artform exploded into many genre of artist, style, media and tools that have alternately altered, distorted or even improved the level music preferred by the public.What is more amazing is that from time to time there were bands that would shock us, amaze us or even bring us to high level of consciousness with their presentation of music. However, with all the music, song, tunes and composition we had and still have every bit of it have roots of rock and roll into it. Rock ‘n’ roll inspired us to become daring and experimental with our music and so we learn to realize our freedom to make music according to the preference of the existing generation (Productions, 2004).

Cenralistaion vs Decentalisation

The main decisions are made by senior management, where little authority is passed down the organisation. advantages †¢ decisions are made by experienced people with an overview of the company. †¢ ensures policies are consistent throughout the company. †¢ ensures quick decisions can be made without consultation. †¢ procedures such as ordering and purchasing can be standardised throughout the company, leading to economies of scale. †¢ in times of crisis the firm may need strong leadership by a central group of senior managers. disadvantages (mainly advantages of decentralisation) centralisation reduces the input of the day to day experts, e. g. , the shop floor staff, into the firms decision making. †¢ it risks demoralising branch managers who may feel mistrusted or powerless. Decentralisation Decisions are made by junior management as authority is passed down the organisation, thereby accepting less uniformity in how things are down. There has been a trend in the 1980s and 1990s is to decentralise to provide greater flexibility. advantages †¢ reduces the stress and burdens of senior management †¢ it can empower local managers encouraging them to be more innovated and motivated. it reduces the volume of day to day communication between head office and the branches, therefore giving senior managers the time to consider long term strategy. †¢ subordinates may have a better knowledge of local conditions affecting their areas of work. This should allow them to make more informed well judged choices, e. g. , salespersons have detailed knowledge of customers. †¢ management at middle and junior levels are groomed to take over higher positions. They are given the experience of decision making when carrying out delegated tasks (management development). could allow greater flexibility and a quicker response to changes. If problems do not have to referred to senior management decision making will be quicker. Since decisions are quicker, they are easier to change in the light of unforeseen circumstances. disadvantages †¢ reduction in uniformity may unsettle customers who expect every Sainsbury’s to look the same or for every McDonald’s hamburger to contain just one slice of gherkin. †¢ head office is in a position to measure the success of every aspect of the product and sales mix, therefore its instructions may prove more profitable than local manager’s intuition. Conclusion It is unlikely there will ever be complete centralisation or decentralisation. Certain functions within a business will always be centralised because of their importance, e. g. , decisions about budget allocation are likely to be centralised as they affect the whole economy. The decision to distribute profits is also taken only by a few. Some delegation is necessary in all firms because the limits to the amount of work senior management can carry out. Even if authority is delegated to a subordinate it is usual for the manager to retain responsibility.

Biotechnology Essay

Biotechnology is a subfield of biological science linked to research areas such as recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. As a result biotechnology is applied in a wide range of industries (Chen & Marchioni, 2008). According to the Biotechnology Industry Organization, one fourth of the Biotechnology industry’s financing comes from venture capital and it is not just in terms of money but also managerial guidance to the biotechnology firms. This is attributable to the fact that biotechnology is a knowledge intensive industry and a large amount of capital is needed for research and development (Chen & Marchioni, 2008). Venture capital financing is favored by the majority of business startups including the biotechnology companies. Venture capital is an equity investment until the company matures. Venture capitalists are involved in the development of a biotechnology firm by becoming board members. The venture capitalists also advice the biotechnology firms on potential strategic partnerships (Munroe & Gary & Hutton, 2002). This gives the venture capital backed firms an added advantage over the non-venture capital backed firms. Literature Review Although venture capital accounts for a small fraction of the entire funding in the United States, it plays a major role in the financing of biotechnology companies. The biotechnology companies that are funded through capital venture outperform their counterparts in job creation and revenue growth. In the first quarter of 2009, the biotechnology sector received the biggest amount of funding in comparison to the other Life Science companies. This was however, a 16% decrease from the fourth quarter of 2008, constituting a downward tread in the funding of Biotechnology, Medical Devices and Pharmaceuticals (VentureDeal, 2009). Due to the prevailing economic crisis, the funding in biotechnology has reversed from an upward tread as the amount of funding has decreased as well as the numbers of companies funded. Sangart Company which researches and commercializes technologies related to oxygen transport agents received $50 million in the sixth round, the largest venture funding during the first quarter. BioVex Company on the other hand received $40 million from a large syndicate of venture capital firms in the sixth round of funding (VentureDeal, 2009). There are success stories in biotechnology venture capital. One example is the case of Thomas Tedder. Tedder collaborated with a venture capitalist, Intersouth and the company provided seed money that helped Tedder’s company called Cellective Therapeutics to develop a business plan and to finalize the licensing agreement. This helped Tedder to focus on the technology development. In due course, Cellective Therapeutics proved a success and the company was sold off at the one year anniversary to MedImmune (Gwynne, 2009). From the venture capitalists point of view, there are issues that are unique to a biotechnology perspective. The venture capitalists look for unique technologies which are critical to the biotechnology field as they are also looking for a market. This means that the venture capitalists are keen on areas such as disease areas which have a large market. The attractive types of research are those that have a widespread target such as cancer, diabetes and infection areas (Rosenman, 2001). Some of the major venture capital firms in the United States are Alta Partners, BA Venture partners, Forward Ventures, Genentech, Latterell venture partners, MedImmune Ventures, Soffinnova ventures and Intersouth (Gwynne, 2009). The geographic clustering of venture capital financed biotechnology firms is similar to the geographic pattern of the biotechnology industry. The biotechnology businesses are clustered together in a region for several benefits. Through the clustering, the companies achieve scale economy; have knowledge and technology spill over in addition to labor pooling and a decrease in transaction costs. The clustering of firms in similar locations makes it easy for workers to change jobs without the need for traveling long distances for interviews and they may not need to relocate homes after a transfer. Labor mobility hence facilitates the exchange of technology, information and knowledge among the biotech firms. Through geographic proximity, the transaction costs are decreased in addition to personal contact being maintained (Antonelli, 2000). This allows in-depth and fast feedback among the economic agents involved and helps build trust, and incentives in economic relationships thus reducing transaction costs. This enhances socialization within the professional network and stimulates co-operation, competition and innovation (Storper & Venables, 2004). These are important factors for life science knowledge. The clustering of biotechnology industries relies on venture capital availability, life science knowledge, large pharmaceutical firms and urban diversity. Before the first biotechnology firm, Genetech, was established in 1977, practitioners of genetic engineering were located around universities and research institutes. These universities and institutions also provide quality labor force. Consequently, the areas that are in close proximity to the science research institutions have better access to trained graduate and post graduate students. In the biotechnology industry, much of the venture capital is concentrated in California and Massachusetts, including San Francisco, San Diego and Boston (Gompers & Lerner, 2006). Methodology This research employs several methods to investigate the importance of venture funding to the biotechnology firms. Examination on the literature review on the subject of venture funding in biotechnology firms supports the conclusions on the industry. However when conducting research, a researcher is always faced with the task of identifying the methodology to use. This is due to the fact that the researcher has to consider the research question (Morgan & Smircich 1980, pp. 491-500). A researcher can lay more adopt either a positivist or post-positivist approach depending on whether the research focuses more on social sciences or natural sciences. The literature review in a research plays an important role in the research as the researcher needs to consider the different perspectives and possibilities before making any conclusions (Armitage & Keeble-Ramsay 2009, pp. 1-36). The review of various information sources helps the researcher in understanding the implications of the research process. According to Knalf & Breitmayer (1991), the authenticity as well as reliability of the literature review is key in any research. The researcher first has to consider the research options in addition considering the data collection methods. This said, the accessibility and availability of numerous sources of information has necessitated the need for a systematic methodology that can be used in decision making. In this research on venture capital in the biotechnology industry, the emphasis is on the existing firms, the firm’s location and funding. This is mainly achieved through analysis of documented sources and case study reviews. The case studies have inherent strengths that allow tailoring of data collection processes to the research question. Nowadays it has become common for researchers to combine both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods so as to increase the validity of the data collected (Denzin & Lincoln 1994). Data Analysis Data analysis helps the researcher interpret the findings of the research hence it is crucial in any research. According to the research, the majority of biotechnology firms depend on venture capital funding to a greater extent. This study investigated the funding of biotechnology firms in relation to venture funding. All proposed hypotheses are supported using analysis, indicating that biotechnology firms favor venture funding. It also shows that the biotechnology firms are clustered in the same areas where there are life science research base, large pharmaceutical firms, many capital venture providers and a large pool of scientists. There is no surprise that biotechnology firms use venture capital as opposed to other forms of lending. The finding that the biotechnology firms are also located in urban areas with talent and a favorable environment for new ideas and breakthroughs is also in line. On the other hand, venture capital is not only important in terms of financial support but also in providing insights, managerial skills and entrepreneurial spirit to the newly established biotechnology firms. Results Biotechnology funding however still has many huddles one of them being lower IPO valuations which has quashed early venture capital funding. The majority of the venture investment has avoided the innovative early stage research and opted for the specialty established companies (Robbins, 2005). Conclusion This study examines venture capital funding in the biotechnology industry. The research examined the sequence of events that take place during the funding and subsequent setting up of the biotechnology firms. The research objectives require the involvement of both the biotechnology firms and the venture capital firms in order to fully understand the relationship as well as the key factors in their relations. The researcher designed and put to use several research instruments to facilitate in the research. The main aim of the research was to bring to the fore the issues involved in the funding process.

College Is Not for Everyone Essay

Going away to college is not for everyone. There are good reasons why a student might choose to live at home and attend a local school. Money, finding stability while changes are occurring, and accepting responsibility are three to consider. Money is likely to be most important. Not only is tuition more expensive, but extra money is needed for room and board. Whether room and board is a dorm or an apartment, the expense is great. Most students never stop to consider that the money that could be saved from room and board may be better spent in future years on graduate school, which is likely to be more important in their careers. Going to school is a time of many changes anyway, without adding the pressure of a new city or even a new state. Finding stability will be hard enough, without going from home to a dorm. Starting college could be an emotional time for some, and the security of their home and family might make everything easier. When students decide to go away to school, sometimes because their friends are going away, or maybe because the school is their parents’ alma mater, something that all need to decide is whether or not they can accept the responsibility of a completely new way of life. Everyone feels as if they are ready for total independence when they decide to go away to college, but is breaking away when they are just beginning to set their futures a good idea? Going away to school may be the right road for some, but those who feel that they are not ready might start looking to a future that is just around the corner.

Letter to the ceo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter to the ceo - Essay Example f the most important benefit of CMM approach is the fact that this approach is evolutionary in nature therefore has the necessary flexibility as well as robustness which allow to improve upon the process of overall software development. Accordingly, there are five maturity levels of the CMM model. All these levels carry forward the process of software development in a systematic way emphasizing the need for continuously improving processes.(Garner, 2001). It is important to mention that one of the greatest benefits of the CMM approach is the fact that the processes it focus on the need for bringing in more institutionalization in the whole process of software development. (Wiegers, 1996). If the process of institutionalization i.e. reflection of the practices and processes to be applied across the software organization, does not support the process of software development, the whole point of applying CMM would go awry and the approach may not yield the desired results for the organization. As discussed above that the CMM has defined 5 different maturity levels for the process with each level having different requirements to fulfill to achieve the desired level of quality in the software development process. At the initial or first level, the success largely depends upon the individual efforts as the processes adopted at this stage are considered as non repeatable therefore they may not be easily replicated. However, as the software development process transforms itself into the next phase or maturity level, the process can be repeated as till now the main project management techniques should have been clearly defined and outlined. What is difficult however is the fact that as the process goes into the next stage; it starts to become more complex in nature. Organisations usually find it difficult to follow the process and bring the required changes into its overall organizational process. This becomes further complicated when the issues of measurement as well as

The influence of e-commerce on the Modern Business Essay

The influence of e-commerce on the Modern Business - Essay Example A survey of academic literature reveals that there are both advantages and disadvantages in resorting to e-commerce. Advantages include lower costs, faster transaction times, and greater convenience in the management of consumer databases. The disadvantages principally concern security measures and the risks of electronic theft and fraud. The report also presents and analyzes the data gathered in a survey conducted among businessmen and customers who use e-commerce, as to the benefits they had experienced as a result of this patronage. The paper concludes with a summary of the report, and insights on the strategic usefulness of this commercial tool in future business transactions. Keywords Electronic commerce, electronic market, modern business, international commerce, EDI, EFT, WWW, information transformation, traditional business, differences. Table of Contents Title Page 1 Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 E-commerce defined 5 Historical precursors that led to e-commerce 6 E-commerce applications classifications 8 Effects of information technology on electronic commerce 10 Criteria for e-commerce applications 10 Advantages of e-commerce over traditional businesses 15 Future modern business – Issues facing e-commerce in the future 17 Data gathering and analysis 18 Conclusion 25 Bibliography 27 Introduction The topic of this report is about the influences of e-commerce on the modern business. It will include what is e-commerce, give the definitions of e-commerce and explain the different professional nouns, such as B2C, B2B, B2M, B2A/G, C2C and C2A. After that, show the different between e-commerce and the traditional business and how the traditional business has changed today. Furthermore, give the development of e-commerce, show the important impacts of e-commerce, how e-commerce changes since 1970s and what is the main trend of e-commerce in business in different periods. Moreover, it will talk about how e-commerce wil l influence the trend of modern business. In addition, this report wills main focus on the definitions of the e-commerce and the profession nouns and the development of e-commerce. On the other hand, it also will compare the different between e-commerce, tradition business and the international commerce. Aim: This report aims to achieve the following: (1). Looking for different business ways between e-commerce and traditional. (2) Analysis how e-commerce will influence the future society. (3) Demonstrate the vulnerabilities of e-commerce. Objectives The specific objectives of this paper to attain the abovestated aims are the following: (1) Identify ethical, social issues of e-commerce (2) Give the recommendations and improve e-commerce (3) Make a research of how people think of e-commerce Questions: The report shall seek the answers to the following questions: (1) What are differences between e-commerce and traditional business? (2) What are the benefits and the vulnerabilities of e -commerce? (3) Will e-commerce play an important impact in the future? Literature Review E-commerce defined

Knowledge management assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Knowledge management - Assignment Example The evaluation is the basis upon which the status of the system finds establishment. The policy will then be drafted on the basis of the findings. The strengths and weaknesses of the policy will then be tested for effectiveness in management of the university’s information and knowledge resources. The Information Technology department is an indispensable department in any organization. It manages the technological resources for the university. Management of the information system focuses on the technology used to gather information and data which is essential to run the university. The information should be safe and retrievable. Data collection methods collect the relevant information. A survey is one of the methods used to assess satisfaction the users of the information system get from its utilization. An online survey (Shapiro, 2004) can be used to collect the feedback on IT functionalities. It will gauge the strengths and weaknesses of the system. It will also be used to measure trends and attitudes toward new information technology. The IT survey design examines the use of information technology such as computers and programs. The survey should be close ended. It collects quantitative data. The information collected will help the university decide what information technology is available to support, plan, implement and evaluate new programs. It will enumerate and describe the programs available for the different groups of staff and students of the university. It will gather data on suggestions as to which programs and equipment could ameliorate the efficiency of the information management system. A survey is affordable and efficient. However, it lacks the flexibility required to capture certain qualitative information. It finds its application in lieu with interviews. Interviews can obtain in depth information on topics. Interviews capture qualitative information. They gather this

How Might a Securitisation Approach Help to Make Sense of the Research Paper

How Might a Securitisation Approach Help to Make Sense of the So-Called War On Terror - Research Paper Example It is interesting to note that across this war and terror endangered world, bounded by the opportunities and threats afforded by globalization, new forms of autonomy, resistance and organized violence engage equally singular systems of international regulation, humanitarian intervention, and social reconstruction. In this security terrain, those systems of resistance and their opposing forces of regulation and intervention have assumed a networked and nonterritorial appearance. "While states and their security apparatuses remain pivotal, in both camps they situate themselves within and operate through complex governance networks composed of nonstate and private actors." (Mark Duffield 2002) Within the above broad spectrum the political scientists talk about the securitization of public policy defining it as a process by which organizational or political actors use security rationales to support claims for funding particular activities or where the 'security state' uses the rhetoric of external or internal threat as a pretext for entering into new policy fields or developing new powers. However, the most recent threats of terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and the spread of virulent disease together with the continuing spillover effects of 'new' wars have nonetheless created worrying threats like resource and environmental depletion and has also captured the popular imagination in such a way that nations and leaders can no longer remain complacent about the developing situations.   "Human security fits the paradigm of persuasion, just as national security lies at the core of the paradigm of power. While national security is the ideology of a state-centric international order, human security is the ideational basis of a people-centric world order underpinned by a global civil society" (Prof Amitav Acharya 2005)As the definition goes each category of security is determined by the securitizing actors and referent objects and it is also possible that the types of securities may vary across the security sectors.